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  • Super scalar processors

    Overview So far in Scalar pipelined processors we had been focusing on reducing the CPI (Cycles Per Instruction). With Super Scalar the focus is going to shift to increase IPC (Instructions per cycle) there by improvement processor performance There are 2 approaches that help achieve this Super Scalar VLIW Dynamic multiple instruction issue Static (at…

  • Embedded system design process

    With a formal design process it becomes easier to focus on performance and other key metrics of the system at the time of the design. Also everyone in the team knows what needs to be done 2 design approaches Design process involves the following steps Common metrics when designing embedded system UML – tool for…

  • ARM Architecture

    Introduction to ARM ARM v4 Architecture Consists of Instruction set Programmer’s model It provides details of the abstract software interface which a programmer should know when developing a software against ARM v4 architecture based processors ARM v7 Architecture Consists of Instruction set Only supports Thumb instruction set which is a combination of 16 bit and…

  • Embedded systems – communication protocols

    I2C SPI synchronous serial, half duplex, single ended, multiple master multiple slave synchronous serial, full duplex, single ended, single master multiple slave Masters multiple master multiple slave single master multiple slaves Duplex Half duplex Full duplex Complexity Easy to implement Complex as devices increases Speed faster than UART fastest Number of pins/wires 2 – Serial…

  • Software in Embedded Systems

    Terminologies Overview of Operating System What is an operating system? It is a software that sits between hardware and application software. It is responsible for executing the application software on the hardware optimizing harwdare resource utilization while ensuring target performance of the application software Operating system modes There are specific System Calls that switch from…

  • Modeling a real time system

    A reference model of a real time system abstracts irrelvant details allowing to focus on timing properties, resource requirements and allocation of resources. Hence a reference model of a real time systems includes: The above details togther can be used to simulate a system validating its real time performance and associated overhead Resource model –…

  • Scheduling in a real time system

    Terminologies Scheduling What is a scheduler? Types of scheduling algorithms There are 3 commonly used scheduling approaches in real time systems Priority driven scheduling There are 3 types of tasks In priority driven scheduling a way to assign priorities to periodic tasks and jobs could be based on Note: Priority driven scheduling algorithms are optimal…